Izinkinga ezijwayelekile zokuqedela isikhumba esicathulweni ngokuvamile ziwela ezigabeni ezilandelayo.
1. Inkinga yokuncibilika
Ekukhiqizeni izicathulo, izincibilikisi ezivame ukusetshenziswa ikakhulukazi i-toluene ne-acetone. Lapho ungqimba olunamathelayo luhlangana ne-solvent, lukhukhumala kancane futhi luthambe, bese luhlakazeka futhi liwe. Lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka ezingxenyeni ezingaphambili nangemuva. Isixazululo:
(1) Khetha i-polyurethane ene-cross-linked noma i-epoxy resin-modified noma i-acrylic resin njenge-ejenti eyenza ifilimu. Lolu hlobo lwe-resin lunokumelana okuhle kwe-solvent.
(2) Sebenzisa ukwelashwa kokugcwalisa okomile ukuze uthuthukise ukumelana kwe-solvent kwesendlalelo sokumboza.
(3) Khulisa ngokufanelekile inani le-protein adhesive oketshezini oluhlanganisayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukumelana kwe-solvent ejulile.
(4) Futha i-ejenti yokuxhumanisa ukuze ukwelapha nokuxhumanisa.
2. Ukungqubuzana okumanzi nokumelana namanzi
Ukungqubuzana okumanzi nokumelana namanzi kuyizinkomba ezibaluleke kakhulu zesikhumba esingaphezulu. Uma ugqoke izicathulo zesikhumba, uvame ukuhlangana nezindawo zamanzi, ngakho-ke uvame ukuhlangana nezinkinga zokungqubuzana okumanzi kanye nezinkinga zokumelana namanzi. Izizathu eziyinhloko zokuntuleka kokungqubuzana okumanzi nokumelana namanzi yilezi:
(1) Ungqimba olungaphezulu lokumboza luyazwela emanzini. Isixazululo ukufaka ukugqoka okuphezulu noma ukufafaza isikhanyisi esingangeni manzi. Uma usebenzisa ukugqoka okuphezulu, uma i-casein isetshenziswa, i-formaldehyde ingasetshenziswa ukuyilungisa; ukwengeza inani elincane lezinhlanganisela eziqukethe i-silicon oketshezini olugcobayo olungaphezulu nakho kungathuthukisa ukumelana kwawo namanzi.
(2) Izinto ezingezwani namanzi ngokwedlulele, njengama-surfactants nama-resin angamelani kahle namanzi, zisetshenziswa oketshezini lokumboza. Isixazululo ukugwema ukusebenzisa ama-surfactants amaningi futhi ukhethe ama-resin anokumelana kangcono namanzi.
(3) Izinga lokushisa nokucindezela kwepuleti lokunyathelisa kuphezulu kakhulu, futhi i-ejenti yokuhlanganisa ephakathi ayinamathiselwe ngokuphelele. Isixazululo ukugwema ukusebenzisa ama-agent amaningi we-wax kanye nezinhlanganisela eziqukethe i-silicon ngesikhathi sokumboza okuphakathi nokunciphisa izinga lokushisa nokucindezela kwepuleti lokucindezela.
(4) Kusetshenziswa izingulube zemvelo nodayi. Izingulube ezikhethiwe kufanele zibe nokungena kahle; kufomula yokwemboza ephezulu, gwema ukusebenzisa odayi abaningi.
3. Izinkinga zokungqubuzana okomile nokuhuzuka
Lapho uhlikihla ubuso besikhumba ngendwangu eyomile, umbala wesikhumba uzosulwa, okubonisa ukuthi ukumelana nokungqubuzana okomile kwalesi sikhumba akukuhle. Lapho uhamba, amabhulukwe avame ukugoqa izithende zezicathulo, okwenza ifilimu yokugqoka ebusweni bezicathulo isulwe, futhi imibala yangaphambili nangemuva ayihambisani. Kunezizathu ezimbalwa zalesi simo:
(1) Isendlalelo sokumboza sithambile kakhulu. Isixazululo siwukusebenzisa i-ejenti yokugqoka eqinile futhi eqinile lapho umboza kusukela kungqimba olungezansi kuya phezulu.
(2) I-pigment ayinamathele ngokuphelele noma ukunamathela kumpofu kakhulu, ngoba ingxenye ye-pigment ekugqokeni inkulu kakhulu. Isixazululo ukwandisa isilinganiso se-resin futhi usebenzise i-penetrant.
(3) Izimbotshana ezingaphezulu kwesikhumba zivuleke kakhulu futhi azikwazi ukumelana nokuguga. Isixazululo ukusebenzisa ukwelashwa kokugcwalisa okomile ukwandisa ukumelana nokugqoka kwesikhumba nokuqinisa ukulungiswa kwe-coating liquid.
4. Inkinga yokuqhekeka kwesikhumba
Ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esomile nesibandayo, ukuqhekeka kwesikhumba kuvame ukuhlangana. Ingathuthukiswa kakhulu ngokumanzisa kabusha ubuchwepheshe (ukumanzisa kabusha isikhumba ngaphambi kokwelula okokugcina). Manje sekunemishini ekhethekile yokumanzisa kabusha.
Izizathu eziyinhloko zokuqhekeka kwesikhumba yilezi:
(1) Ungqimba olusanhlamvu lwesikhumba olungaphezulu lushwabene kakhulu. Isizathu siwukungathathi hlangothi okungalungile, okuholela ekungeneni okungalingani kwe-ejenti ebuyisela kabusha kanye nokubopha ngokweqile kongqimba lokusanhlamvu. Isixazululo ukuklama kabusha ifomula yenkundla yamanzi.
(2) Isikhumba esingenhla sixega futhi sisezingeni eliphansi. Isixazululo ukomisa ukugcwalisa isikhumba esixekethile bese wengeza amafutha ku-resin yokugcwalisa ukuze isikhumba esigcwele singabi nzima kakhulu ukuvimbela okungaphezulu ekuqhekekeni ngesikhathi sokugqoka. Isikhumba esigcwele kakhulu akufanele sishiywe isikhathi eside futhi akufanele sibe nesihlabathi ngokweqile.
(3) I-base coating iqine kakhulu. I-base coating resin ayikhethiwe ngendlela engafanele noma inani alanele. Isixazululo ukukhulisa ingxenye ye-resin ethambile kufomula yokwemboza isisekelo.
5. Inkinga yokuqhekeka
Lapho isikhumba sigobile noma seluliwe kanzima, umbala ngezinye izikhathi uba lula, okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-astigmatism. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, ungqimba lokumboza lungaqhekeka, okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-crack. Lena inkinga evamile.
Izizathu eziyinhloko yilezi:
(1) Ukunwebeka kwesikhumba kukhulu kakhulu (ubude besikhumba esingaphezulu abukwazi ukuba bukhulu kuno-30%), kuyilapho ukunwetshwa kwentokozo kukuncane kakhulu. Isixazululo ukulungisa ifomula ukuze ukunwetshwa kwe-coating kusondele kulelo lesikhumba.
(2) I-base coating inzima kakhulu futhi i-top coating inzima kakhulu. Isixazululo ukwandisa inani le-resin ethambile, ukwandisa inani le-ejenti eyenza ifilimu, nokunciphisa inani le-resin eqinile kanye ne-pigment paste.
(3) Isendlalelo sokumboza sincane kakhulu, futhi ungqimba olungaphezulu lwe-varnish enamafutha lufafazwe kakhulu, olulimaza ungqimba lokumboza. Ukuze kuxazululwe inkinga yokumelana nokukhuhla okumanzi kwe-coating, ezinye izimboni zifafaza i-varnish enamafutha amaningi. Ngemva kokuxazulula inkinga yokumelana nokukhuhla okumanzi, inkinga yokuqhekeka ibangelwa. Ngakho-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukucubungula ibhalansi.
6. Inkinga yokuchitheka kodaka
Ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwesikhumba esingenhla sezicathulo, kufanele kube nezinguquko eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu zemvelo. Uma ukugqoka kungalandelwa ngokuqinile, ukugqoka kuzovame ukuchithwa okunodaka. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, i-delamination izokwenzeka, okumele inikezwe ukunakwa okuphezulu. Izizathu eziyinhloko yilezi:
(1) Embotsheni engezansi, i-resin ekhethiwe inokunamathela okubuthakathaka. Isixazululo ukukhulisa ingxenye ye-adhesive resin kufomula yokugqoka engezansi. Ukunamathela kwe-resin kuncike ezintweni zayo zamakhemikhali kanye nobukhulu bezinhlayiya ezihlakazekile ze-emulsion. Lapho isakhiwo samakhemikhali se-resin sinqunywa, ukunamathela kunamandla lapho izinhlayiya ze-emulsion zihle kakhulu.
(2) Inani lokumboza elinganele. Ngesikhathi sokusebenza kokugqoka, uma inani lokugqoka linganele, i-resin ayikwazi ukungena endaweni yesikhumba ngesikhathi esifushane futhi ayikwazi ukuxhumana ngokugcwele nesikhumba, ukusheshisa kokugqoka kuzoncishiswa kakhulu. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukusebenza kufanele kulungiswe ngokufanele ukuze kuqinisekiswe inani elanele lokumboza. Ukusebenzisa i-brush coating esikhundleni se-spray coating kungakhuphula isikhathi sokungena kwe-resin kanye nendawo yokunamathela ye-ejenti yokugqoka esikhumbeni.
(3) Umthelela wesimo sesikhumba esingenalutho ekuqineni kokunamathela kokunamathela. Lapho ukumuncwa kwamanzi kwesikhumba esingenalutho kumpofu kakhulu noma kukhona amafutha nothuli endaweni yesikhumba, i-resin ayikwazi ukungena ebusweni besikhumba njengoba kudingekile, ngakho ukunamathela akwanele. Ngalesi sikhathi, indawo yesikhumba kufanele iphathwe kahle ukuze kwandiswe ukumuncwa kwayo kwamanzi, njengokwenza umsebenzi wokuhlanza indawo, noma ukwengeza i-ejenti yokulinganisa noma i-penetrant kufomula.
(4) Kufomula yokumboza, isilinganiso se-resin, izithasiselo nama-pigments asifanelekile. Isixazululo ukulungisa uhlobo nenani le-resin nezithasiselo futhi unciphise inani le-wax ne-filler.
7. Izinkinga zokumelana nokushisa nokucindezela
Isikhumba esiphezulu esisetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni izicathulo ezibunjiwe kanye nomjovo kumele sibe nokushisa nokucindezela. Ngokuvamile, izimboni zezicathulo zivame ukusebenzisa uku-ayina okunezinga lokushisa eliphezulu ukuze kukhishwe imibimbi endaweni yesikhumba, okubangela ukuba abanye odayi noma ama-organic coatings ajike abe mnyama noma anamathele futhi awe.
Izizathu eziyinhloko yilezi:
(1) I-thermoplasticity yoketshezi oluqedayo iphezulu kakhulu. Isixazululo ukulungisa ifomula nokwandisa inani le-casein.
(2) Ukuntuleka kokuthambisa. Isixazululo ukufaka i-wax eqinile kancane kanye ne-ejenti yokuzizwa ebushelelezi ukusiza ukuthuthukisa ukuthambisa kwesikhumba.
(3) Odayi kanye nama-organic coatings ayazwela lapho kushisa. Isixazululo ukukhetha izinto ezingazweli kakhulu ekushiseni futhi ezingabuni.
8. Inkinga yokumelana nokukhanya
Ngemva kokuvezwa isikhathi esithile, ubuso besikhumba buba mnyama futhi bube phuzi, okwenza bungakwazi ukusetshenziswa. Izizathu yilezi:
(1) Ukushintsha umbala womzimba wesikhumba kubangelwa ukushintsha kombala kwamafutha, ama-tannin ezitshalo noma ama-tanins okwenziwa. Ukumelana nokukhanya kwesikhumba esikhanyayo kuyinkomba ebaluleke kakhulu, futhi amafutha nama-tannins anokumelana okuhle kokukhanya kufanele kukhethwe.
(2) Ukushintsha umbala. Isixazululo siwukuthi ezikhumba eziphezulu ezinezidingo zokumelana nokukhanya okuphezulu, ungasebenzisi i-butadiene resin, i-polyurethane resin enephunga elimnandi ne-nitrocellulose varnish, kodwa sebenzisa ama-resin, i-pigments, amanzi odayi kanye ne-varnish enokumelana okungcono kokukhanya.
9. Inkinga yokumelana nokubanda (ukumelana nesimo sezulu).
Ukumelana okubandayo okubandayo kubonakala ngokuyinhloko ekuqhekekeni kwe-coating lapho isikhumba sihlangabezana nezinga lokushisa eliphansi. Izizathu eziyinhloko yilezi:
(1) Emazingeni okushisa aphansi, ukumbozwa akuthambeki. Kufanele kusetshenziswe ama-resin amelana kangcono nokubanda njenge-polyurethane ne-butadiene, futhi inani lezinto zokwakha ifilimu ezinokumelana okubandayo okubandayo njenge-acrylic resin ne-casein kufanele lincishiswe.
(2) Ingxenye ye-resin kufomula yokumboza iphansi kakhulu. Isixazululo ukwandisa inani le-resin.
(3) Ukumelana okubandayo kwe-varnish ephezulu kubi. I-varnish ekhethekile noma i-,-varnish ingasetshenziswa ukuthuthukisa ukumelana okubandayo kwesikhumba, kuyilapho i-nitrocellulose i-varnish inokumelana okubandayo okubandayo.
Kunzima kakhulu ukwenza izinkomba zokusebenza ngokomzimba zesikhumba esingaphezulu, futhi akusiyo into engokoqobo ukudinga izimboni zezicathulo ukuthi zithenge ngokuphelele ngokuvumelana nezinkomba ezingokwenyama namakhemikhali ezakhiwe nguhulumeni noma amabhizinisi. Izimboni zezicathulo ngokuvamile zihlola isikhumba ngezindlela ezingezona ezijwayelekile, ngakho-ke ukukhiqizwa kwesikhumba esingaphezulu akunakuhlukaniswa. Kudingeka ukuqonda kangcono izidingo eziyisisekelo zenqubo yokwenza izicathulo nokugqoka ukuze ufeze ukulawula kwesayensi ngesikhathi sokucubungula.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: May-11-2024