Isikhumba sePVC seSitulo seMoto

  • Ilaphu leLychee Texture Microfiber yeLeather Glitter Embossed Lychee Grain PU Isikhumba

    Ilaphu leLychee Texture Microfiber yeLeather Glitter Embossed Lychee Grain PU Isikhumba

    Iimpawu zeLychee Synthetic Leather
    1. Ubume obuhle
    I-Microfiber yesikhumba i-lychee yinto ekhethekileyo yesikhumba enesicatshulwa esifana nesikhumba se-lychee, esinobuhle obuhle kakhulu. Oku kuthungwa kunokongeza umnxeba obalaseleyo kwifenitshala, izihlalo zeemoto, iingxowa zesikhumba kunye nezinye izinto, ezizenza zibe nomtsalane ngakumbi kwimbonakalo.
    2. Ukuqina komgangatho ophezulu
    I-Microfiber yesikhumba i-lychee ayintle nje kuphela, kodwa inamandla kakhulu. Iyakwazi ukumelana nokusetyenziswa kwexesha elide, ukunxiba kunye nefuthe ngaphandle kokuqhekeka okanye ukucima. Ngoko ke, i-microfiber yesikhumba i-lychee ifanelekile kakhulu ukwenza ifenitshala ephezulu, izihlalo zeemoto kunye nezinye izinto zokusetyenziswa kwexesha elide.
    3. Ukugcinwa lula kunye nokunyamekela
    Xa kuthelekiswa nesikhumba sangempela, i-microfiber yesikhumba i-lychee kulula ukuyigcina kunye nokunyamekela. Ayifuni ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kweoli yesikhumba okanye ezinye iimveliso ezikhethekileyo. Kufuneka kuphela ukucocwa ngamanzi afudumeleyo kunye nesepha, efanelekileyo kakhulu kwaye ikhawuleza.
    4. Iimeko ezininzi ezisebenzayo
    Ngenxa yokuba i-microfiber yesikhumba i-lychee ineenzuzo ezininzi, ifaneleke kakhulu kwifenitshala, ngaphakathi kweemoto, iisutikheyisi, izihlangu kunye namanye amasimi. Ayinako nje ukongeza i-luster kwimveliso, kodwa iphinde iqinisekise ukuqina kwayo okuphezulu kunye nokugcinwa lula.
    Ukuqukumbela, i-Microfiber Pebbled yinto ethandwa kakhulu yesikhumba kunye neenzuzo ezininzi. Ukuba ufuna into entle, ekumgangatho ophezulu, ekulula ukuyigcina yesikhumba xa uthenga izinto ezinjengefenitshala okanye izihlalo zeemoto, ngoko ke iMicrofiber Pebbled ngokungathandabuzekiyo lukhetho oluhle kakhulu.

  • I-Automotive Upholstery Fabric Pvc Rexine Synthetic yesikhumba faux yesikhumba kwizihlalo zemoto

    I-Automotive Upholstery Fabric Pvc Rexine Synthetic yesikhumba faux yesikhumba kwizihlalo zemoto

    Iinzuzo zemveliso yePVC:
    1. Iiphaneli zeengcango zazenziwe ngaphambili ngeplastiki eneglosi ephezulu. Ukufika kwePVC kuye kwatyebisa izinto zangaphakathi zeemoto. Ukusebenzisa izinto zesikhumba zokulinganisa zePVC ukubuyisela iinxalenye zeplastiki ezibunjiweyo kunokuphucula imbonakalo kunye nokuchukumisa iindawo zangaphakathi zokuhombisa, kunye nokwandisa ukhuseleko lweepaneli zomnyango kunye nezinye iindawo xa udibana nokungqubana ngequbuliso.

    2. PVC-PP imathiriyeli uzibophelele ukugcina touch obutofotofo ngelixa lula

    Iimpawu zePVC zemveliso:

    1) Umgangatho ophezulu womgangatho ophezulu

    2) Ukusetyenziswa okunamandla kwiiphelo ezahlukeneyo zenkqubo

    3) Ukungatsha kunye ne-amine-resistant

    4) Ukukhutshwa okuphantsi

    5) Ukuziva okuguquguqukayo kwe-tactile

    6) Ukusebenza kweendleko eziphezulu

    7) Uyilo olulula, olulinganisa kuphela i-50% ~ 60% yezinto eziqhelekileyo zangaphakathi

    8) Ukuthungwa okuqinileyo kwesikhumba kunye nokuchukumisa okuthambileyo (xa kuthelekiswa namalungu eplastiki)

    9) Uluhlu olubanzi kakhulu lombala kunye noyilo lwepateni

    10) Ukugcinwa kwepateni elungileyo

    11) Ukusebenza kakuhle kokusebenza

    I-12) Imele iimfuno zemarike ye-middle-to-high-end

  • Ilaphu lesikhumba leMoto elingangenwa ngamanzi liPerforated Synthetic Microfiber yeSitulo seMoto

    Ilaphu lesikhumba leMoto elingangenwa ngamanzi liPerforated Synthetic Microfiber yeSitulo seMoto

    Isikhumba esincinci kakhulu luhlobo lwethwathwa elenziweyo, elikwabizwa ngokuba yisuperfine fiber eqiniswe ngesikhumba. ...

    Isikhumba esincinci esincinci, igama elipheleleyo "i-superfine fiber reinforced leather", sisixhobo sokwenziwa ngokudibanisa iifiber eziphezulu kunye ne-polyurethane (PU). Esi sixhobo sineempawu ezininzi ezibalaseleyo, ezifana nokunganyangeki, ukuxhathisa ukukrazula, ukungangeni kwamanzi, ukuchasana nokungcolisa, njl. Inkqubo yokwenziwa kwesikhumba esihle kakhulu ibandakanya amanyathelo amaninzi, ukusuka kwikhadi kunye nenaliti yokuhlatywa kweentsinga ezimfutshane kakhulu ukwenza ilaphu elingalukwanga elinothungelwano lwesakhiwo esine-dimensional-dimensional network, ukusetyenzwa okumanzi, ukufakwa kwe-resin ye-PU, ukugawula kwesikhumba kunye nokudaya, njl. , kwaye ekugqibeleni yenza izinto eziphathekayo ezinokumelana nokunxiba okugqwesileyo, ukuphefumla, ukuguquguquka kunye nokumelana nokuguga.

    Xa kuthelekiswa nofele lwendalo, ufele olucolekileyo lufana kakhulu ngenkangeleko kunye nokuziva, kodwa lwenziwa ngeendlela ezingeyonyani, azikhutshwanga kwisikhumba sesilwanyana. Oku kwenza isikhumba esicolekileyo sibephantsi ngokwexabiso, ngelixa sineengenelo ezithile zesikhumba sokwenyani, ezifana nokunganyangeki, ukumelana nokubanda, ukuphefumla, ukumelana nokuguga, njl. njl . Ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okugqwesileyo kunye neempawu zokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo, i-microfiber yesikhumba isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwiinkalo ezininzi ezifana nefashoni, ifenitshala, kunye nengaphakathi lemoto.

  • Intengiso eshushu eRecycled ye-PVC ye-faux ngethwathwa ekhutshiweyo ye-PU Imitation yesikhumba seSitulo seMoto seSigqubuthelo sefanitshala yeSofa

    Intengiso eshushu eRecycled ye-PVC ye-faux ngethwathwa ekhutshiweyo ye-PU Imitation yesikhumba seSitulo seMoto seSigqubuthelo sefanitshala yeSofa

    Ibanga elibuyisela idangatye lesikhumba semoto livavanywa ikakhulu ngokusekwe kwimigangatho efana ne-GB 8410-2006 kunye ne-GB 38262-2019. Le migangatho ibeka phambili iimfuno ezingqongqo kwiimpawu zokutsha zezinto zangaphakathi zeemoto, ngakumbi kwizinto ezifana nesikhumba sesihlalo, esijolise ekukhuseleni ubomi babakhweli kunye nokuthintela iingozi zomlilo.

    Umgangatho we-GB 8410-2006 uchaza iimfuno zobugcisa kunye neendlela zovavanyo zeempawu zokutsha ezithe tyaba zezixhobo zangaphakathi zeemoto, kwaye zisebenza kuvavanyo lweempawu zokutsha ezithe tyaba zezixhobo zangaphakathi zeemoto. Lo mgangatho uvavanya ukusebenza kokutsha kwezinto ngokusebenzisa iimvavanyo zokutshisa ezithe tye. Isampuli ayitshisi, okanye ilangatye livutha ngokuthe tye kwisampuli ngesantya esingadlulanga i-102mm / min. Ukususela ekuqaleni kwexesha lokuvavanya, ukuba isampuli iyatshisa ngaphantsi kwemizuzwana ye-60, kwaye ubude obonakalisiweyo besampula abudluli i-51mm ukususela ekuqaleni kwexesha, kuthathwa njengokuhlangabezana neemfuno ze-GB 8410.
    Umgangatho we-GB 38262-2019 ubeka phambili iimfuno eziphezulu kwiimpawu zokutsha zempahla yangaphakathi yemoto yabahambi, kwaye iyasebenza kuphononongo lweempawu zokutsha zezinto zangaphakathi zeemoto zabakhweli. Umgangatho wahlula izinto zangaphakathi zeemoto zabakhweli zibe ngamanqanaba amathathu: V0, V1, kunye neV2. Inqanaba le-V0 libonisa ukuba izinto eziphathekayo zisebenza kakuhle kakhulu, aziyi kusasazeka emva kokutshisa, kwaye zinezinga eliphantsi kakhulu lomsi, elilelona nqanaba lokhuseleko liphezulu. Ukuphunyezwa kwale migangatho kubonisa ukubaluleka okuqhotyoshelwe ekusebenzeni kokhuseleko lwezixhobo zangaphakathi zeemoto, ngakumbi kwiindawo ezifana nesikhumba sesihlalo esiqhagamshelana ngokuthe ngqo nomzimba womntu. Uvavanyo lwenqanaba lokubuyiswa komlilo linxulumene ngokuthe ngqo nokhuseleko lwabakhweli. Ke ngoko, abavelisi beemoto kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba izinto zangaphakathi ezifana nesikhumba sesihlalo ziyahlangabezana okanye zigqithise iimfuno zale migangatho ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kokhuseleko lwesithuthi kunye nokuthuthuzeleka kwabakhweli.

  • IMoq ePhantsi yoMgangatho oPhezulu wePvc weSynthetic weMathiriyeli yeLeather Square eprintiweyo kwiZitulo zeeMoto zeMoto

    IMoq ePhantsi yoMgangatho oPhezulu wePvc weSynthetic weMathiriyeli yeLeather Square eprintiweyo kwiZitulo zeeMoto zeMoto

    Iimfuno kunye nemigangatho yesikhumba semoto yemoto ikakhulu ibandakanya iimpawu ezibonakalayo, izikhombisi zokusingqongileyo, iimfuno zobuhle, iimfuno zobugcisa kunye neminye imiba. ...

    Iimpawu ezibonakalayo kunye nezalathi zokusingqongileyo: Iimpawu ezibonakalayo kunye nezalathi zokusingqongileyo zesikhumba semoto zibalulekile kwaye zinempembelelo enkulu kwimpilo yabasebenzisi. Iipropati zomzimba ziquka amandla, ukumelana nokunxiba, ukuxhathisa kwemozulu, njl., ngelixa izikhombisi zokusingqongileyo zihambelana nokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo kwesikhumba, njengokuba iqulethe izinto ezinobungozi, njl. , ukuthamba okuhle, okuziinkozo okuqinileyo, ukuvakalelwa okugudileyo, njl. Ezi mfuno azihambelani kuphela nobuhle besihlalo, kodwa zibonisa umgangatho jikelele kunye nebakala lemoto. Iimfuno zobugcisa : Iimfuno zobugcisa zesikhumba se-automotive zibandakanya ixabiso le-atomization, ukukhawuleza ukukhanya, ukuxhathisa ubushushu, amandla e-tensile, ukwanda, njl. njl., ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zesikhumba esingenabungozi kokusingqongileyo. Iimfuno zemathiriyeli ezithe ngqo: Kukwakho nemigaqo eneenkcukacha yezixhobo ezithile zokuhlala kwimoto, njengezalathi zogwebu, iimfuno zokugquma, njl njl. zonke ziyahambelana nemigangatho kunye neenkcukacha ezihambelanayo.
    Uhlobo lwesikhumba: Iintlobo zesikhumba eziqhelekileyo zezihlalo zeemoto ziquka isikhumba sokwenziwa (njenge-PVC kunye ne-PU yesikhumba sokwenziwa), isikhumba se-microfiber, isikhumba soqobo, njl njl. izinto ozikhethayo kufuneka ziqwalaselwe xa ukhetha.
    Isishwankathelo, iimfuno kunye nemigangatho yesikhumba se-automotive igubungela iinkalo ezininzi ezivela kwiimpawu ezibonakalayo, izikhombisi zokusingqongileyo ukuya kwi-aesthetics kunye neemfuno zobugcisa, ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko, induduzo kunye nobuhle bezihlalo zeemoto.

  • Iholeyili eSolid yoMbala weSquare Cross Emboss iSoft Synthetic PU Ilaphu leShithi lesikhumba leSofa yeSitulo seMoto yeNotebook
  • Imodeli edumileyo yePVC eyenziwe ngesikhumba eyenziwe ngelaphu leatherette yokugquma iphakheji yesofa kunye nesakhiwo sefenitshala yesitulo.

    Imodeli edumileyo yePVC eyenziwe ngesikhumba eyenziwe ngelaphu leatherette yokugquma iphakheji yesofa kunye nesakhiwo sefenitshala yesitulo.

    Izizathu zokuba izinto PVC zilungele izihlalo zemoto ikakhulu ziquka iimpawu zayo ezibalaseleyo zomzimba, iindleko-ukusebenza, kunye neplastiki.
    Iimpawu zomzimba ezigqwesileyo: Izixhobo zePVC azigugi, ziyakwazi ukumelana ne-asidi, kunye ne-alkali-resistant, ezenza ukuba zikwazi ukumelana nokukhuhlana, ukugoba, kunye neekhemikhali ezinokuthi zihlangane nezihlalo zemoto xa zisetyenziswa yonke imihla. Ukongeza, izixhobo ze-PVC nazo zine-elasticity ethile, enokubonelela ngentuthuzelo engcono kwaye ihlangabezane neemfuno zezihlalo zeemoto kwizinto eziphathekayo.
    Ukusebenza kweendleko: Xa kuthelekiswa nezinto zendalo ezifana nesikhumba, izinto zePVC zingabizi, nto leyo eyenza ibe neenzuzo ezicacileyo kulawulo lweendleko. Ukwenziwa kwezihlalo zeemoto, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zePVC kunokunciphisa ngokufanelekileyo iindleko zemveliso kunye nokuphucula ukukhuphisana kwemarike yeemveliso.
    Iplastiki: Izinto zePVC zineplastiki elungileyo kwaye zinokufikelela kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zemibala kunye neziphumo zokuthungwa ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokuvelisa kunye nobuchwepheshe bonyango lomphezulu.
    Oku kuhlangabezana neemfuno ezahlukeneyo zoyilo lwesihlalo semoto, ukwenza izinto zePVC zibe noluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo kwimveliso yesitulo semoto. ...
    Nangona izinto zePVC zineengenelo zazo kwimveliso yezitulo zeemoto, zikwanazo nezithintelo ezithile, ezifana nokubamba okuthambileyo kunye neengxaki zempilo kunye nokusingqongileyo ezibangelwa ziiplastiki. Ukuze boyise ezi ngxaki, abaphandi bajonga ngenkuthalo ezinye iindlela, ezifana ne-bio-based PVC yesikhumba kunye ne-PUR yesikhumba sokwenziwa. Ezi zinto zitsha ziphucule ukukhuselwa kwendalo, ukhuseleko kunye nentuthuzelo, kwaye kulindeleke ukuba zibe lukhetho olungcono kwizinto zokuhlala zemoto kwixesha elizayo. ...

  • Isigqubuthelo sesikhumba seFaux esenziwe ngokweSiko seZitulo zeMoto kunye neFanitshala yeUpholstery eyolulekayo kwaye kulula ukuyisebenzisela iingxowa

    Isigqubuthelo sesikhumba seFaux esenziwe ngokweSiko seZitulo zeMoto kunye neFanitshala yeUpholstery eyolulekayo kwaye kulula ukuyisebenzisela iingxowa

    Isikhumba sokwenziwa sePVC luhlobo lwemathiriyeli edibeneyo eyenziwe ngokudibanisa i-polyvinyl chloride okanye ezinye iireyini ezinezongezo ezithile, ukwambathisa okanye ukulalisa kwi-substrate kwaye emva koko zicutshungulwe. Ifana nesikhumba sendalo kwaye ineempawu zokuthamba kunye nokumelana nokugqoka.

    Ngexesha lenkqubo yemveliso yesikhumba eyenziweyo yePVC, amasuntswana eplastiki kufuneka anyibilike kwaye axutywe kwisimo esingqindilili, aze agqunywe ngokulinganayo kwisiseko selaphu elinithiweyo le-T / C ngokobunzima obufunekayo, kwaye emva koko ungene kwiziko eligwebu ugwebu ukuqalisa ukugwebu. ukuze ikwazi ukwenza iimveliso ezahlukeneyo kunye neemfuno ezahlukeneyo zokuthamba. Ngelo xesha, iqala unyango olungaphezulu (ukudaya, ukudibanisa, ukupholisa, i-matte, ukugaya kunye nokuphakamisa, njl., Ngokukodwa ngokweemfuno zemveliso zangempela).

    Ukongeza kokwahlulwa ngokweendidi ezininzi ngokwe-substrate kunye neempawu zesakhiwo, i-PVC yesikhumba eyenziweyo yahlulwe ngokubanzi ngokwezi ndidi zilandelayo ngokwendlela yokucubungula.

    (1) Isikhumba sokwenziwa sePVC ngokukhuhla indlela

    ① Indlela yokukrala ngokuthe ngqo ye-PVC yesikhumba sokwenziwa

    ② Indlela yokukrazula engathanga ngqo ye-PVC yesikhumba eyenziweyo, ekwabizwa ngokuba yindlela yokudlulisa i-PVC yesikhumba sokwenziwa (kubandakanywa nendlela yentsimbi yentsimbi kunye nendlela yokukhupha iphepha);

    (2) Indlela yekhalenda yePVC eyenziwe ngesikhumba;

    (3) Indlela ye-Extrusion ye-PVC eyenziwe ngesikhumba;

    (4) Indlela yokugquma isikrini sePVC eyenziwe ngesikhumba.

    Ngokosetyenziso oluphambili, lunokwahlulwa lube ziindidi ezininzi ezifana nezihlangu, iingxowa kunye neempahla zesikhumba, kunye nezinto zokuhombisa. Kuhlobo olufanayo lwesikhumba esenziwe ngePVC, sinokwahlulwa ngokweendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuhlela.

    Umzekelo, ilaphu lemarike elenziwe ngethwathwa linokwenziwa libe lithwathwa eliqhelekileyo lokukhuhla okanye ufele olunogwebu.

  • IEmbroidery Quilted Pvc Synthetic Leather Custom For Car Seat Synthetic Leather

    IEmbroidery Quilted Pvc Synthetic Leather Custom For Car Seat Synthetic Leather

    Isikhumba sePVC, esikwabizwa ngokuba yiPVC yesikhumba esithambileyo, sithambile, sikhululekile, sithambile kwaye sinemibala. Eyona nto iphambili ekrwada yiPVC, eyimpahla yeplastiki. Impahla yasekhaya eyenziwe ngesikhumba yePVC ithandwa kakhulu phakathi koluntu.
    Isikhumba sePVC sihlala sisetyenziswa kwiihotele eziphezulu, iiklabhu, i-KTV kunye nezinye iindawo, kwaye zikwasetyenziselwa ukuhombisa izakhiwo zorhwebo, iivillas kunye nezinye izakhiwo. Ukongeza kwiindonga zokuhombisa, isikhumba sePVC sinokusetyenziselwa ukuhombisa iisofa, iingcango kunye neemoto.
    Isikhumba sePVC sinesandi esilungileyo sokugquma, ubungqina bokufuma kunye nemisebenzi yokuchasana nokungqubana. Ukuhlobisa igumbi lokulala ngesikhumba sePVC kunokudala indawo ezolileyo ukuze abantu baphumle. Ukongeza, PVC ngethwathwa imvula, umlilo, antistatic kwaye kulula ukuyicoca, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ifaneleke kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kushishino lokwakha.

  • INappa Material Rexine ethambileyo yeemoto iiVinyls eziFanayo zePvc zeLeather Synthetic zesikhumba faux PVC yesikhumba yesitulo semoto igubungela ifanitshala

    INappa Material Rexine ethambileyo yeemoto iiVinyls eziFanayo zePvc zeLeather Synthetic zesikhumba faux PVC yesikhumba yesitulo semoto igubungela ifanitshala

    1. Isikhumba sethu sePVC sefanitshala sinesandla esilungileyo esichukumisayo, indalo kunye neenkozo ezicolekileyo.

    2. Ixhathisa i-brasion kunye ne-Scratch-resistant.

    3. i-flame-retardant, i-US standard okanye i-UK standard flame retardant.

    4. Ayinavumba.

    5. Kulula ukukhathalela kunye nokubulala iintsholongwane, Sinokubonelela ngepateni kunye neenkonzo zokwenza umbala ukuhlangabezana nasiphi na isicelo sakho.

     

  • Ukhozo lwengwenya oluqaqambileyo lwelaphu lofele lwe-Artificial yaseBrazil Ipateni yeNyoka yePVC eEmbossed ngesikhumba Ilaphu le-Upholstery ethambileyo

    Ukhozo lwengwenya oluqaqambileyo lwelaphu lofele lwe-Artificial yaseBrazil Ipateni yeNyoka yePVC eEmbossed ngesikhumba Ilaphu le-Upholstery ethambileyo

    Isikhumba se-PVC, igama elipheleleyo le-polyvinyl chloride yesikhumba sokwenziwa, yinto eyenziwe ngelaphu elifakwe nge-polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resin, i-plasticizers, i-stabilizers kunye nezinye izongezo zekhemikhali. Ngamanye amaxesha iphinda igutyungelwe ngumaleko wefilimu yePVC. Iqhutywe yinkqubo ethile.

    Izinto eziluncedo ngethwathwa PVC ziquka amandla aphezulu, ixabiso eliphantsi, isiphumo esihle zokuhombisa, ukusebenza okugqwesileyo manzi kunye nezinga eliphezulu lokusetyenziswa. Nangona kunjalo, ngokuqhelekileyo ayikwazi ukufezekisa umphumo wesikhumba sangempela ngokweemvakalelo kunye nokuqina, kwaye kulula ukuguga kunye nokuqina emva kokusetyenziswa kwexesha elide.

    Isikhumba sePVC sisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo, ezifana nokwenza iibhegi, izigqubuthelo zokuhlala, iilayini, njl.

  • I-Polyester engangenwa ngamanzi yePVC eyenziwe ngesikhumba eyenziwe ngeNqaku eLiniweyo yeSofa yaManzi enganyangekiyo ngesikhumba.

    I-Polyester engangenwa ngamanzi yePVC eyenziwe ngesikhumba eyenziwe ngeNqaku eLiniweyo yeSofa yaManzi enganyangekiyo ngesikhumba.

    Isikhumba se-PVC, igama elipheleleyo le-polyvinyl chloride yesikhumba sokwenziwa, yinto eyenziwe ngelaphu elifakwe nge-polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resin, i-plasticizers, i-stabilizers kunye nezinye izongezo zekhemikhali. Ngamanye amaxesha iphinda igutyungelwe ngumaleko wefilimu yePVC. Iqhutywe yinkqubo ethile.

    Izinto eziluncedo ngethwathwa PVC ziquka amandla aphezulu, ixabiso eliphantsi, isiphumo esihle zokuhombisa, ukusebenza okugqwesileyo manzi kunye nezinga eliphezulu lokusetyenziswa. Nangona kunjalo, ngokuqhelekileyo ayikwazi ukufezekisa umphumo wesikhumba sangempela ngokweemvakalelo kunye nokuqina, kwaye kulula ukuguga kunye nokuqina emva kokusetyenziswa kwexesha elide.

    Isikhumba sePVC sisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo, ezifana nokwenza iibhegi, izigqubuthelo zokuhlala, iilayini, njl.